Posting Selfies and Body Image in Young Adult Women: The Selfie Paradox
Keywords:
Selfies, young women, objectification, body image, interviewsAbstract
This exploratory study was designed to investigate how young women make sense of their decision to post selfies, and perceived links between selfie posting and body image. Eighteen 19-22 year old British women were interviewed about their experiences of taking and posting selfies, and interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Women linked selfie posting to the “ideal” body, identity management, and body exposure; objectifying their own and others’ selfies, and trying to portray an image that was as close to “ideal” as possible. Women differentiated between their “unreal,” digitally manipulated online selfie identity and their “real” identity outside of Facebook and Instagram. Bodies were expected to be covered, and sexualised selfies were to be avoided. Results challenge conceptualisations of women as empowered and self-determined selfie posters; although women sought to control their image online, posting was constrained by postfeminist notions of what was considered socially appropriate to post.
References
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D’Alessandro, S., & Chitty, B. (2011). Real or relevant beauty? Body shape and endorser effects on brand attitude and body image. Psychology & Marketing, 28, 843–878. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mar.20415
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Fox, J., & Rooney, M. C. (2015). The dark triad and trait self-objectification as predictors of men’s use and self-presentation behaviors on social networking sites. Personality & Individual Differences, 76, 161–165. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886914007259
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Gill, R. (2008). Empowerment/sexism: Figuring female sexual agency in contemporary advertising. Feminism & Psychology, 18(1), 35-60. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0959353507084950
Goffman, E. (1959). Presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, New York: Double Day.
Grogan, S. (2016). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children (third edition). London: Routledge.
Hall, M. (2014). Metrosexual masculinities. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hall, M. & Hearn, J. (2017). Revenge pornography: Gender, sexuality and motivations. London: Routledge.
Halliwell, E. (2013). The impact of thin idealized media images on body satisfaction: Does body appreciation protect women from negative effects? Body Image, 10(4), 509-514. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S174014451300082X
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Inoue, S. (2006). Embodied habitus. Theory, Culture & Society, 23(2–3), 229–31.
Jeffreys, S. (2014). Beauty and misogyny: Harmful cultural practices in the West (2nd edition). New York: Routledge.
Jones, D. C., Vigfusdottir, T. H., & Lee, Y. (2004). Body image and the appearance culture among adolescent girls and boys: An examination of friend conversations, peer criticism, appearance magazines, and the internalization of appearance ideals. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(3), 323-339. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0743558403258847
Lasén, A. (2015). Digital self-portraits, exposure and the modulation of intimacy. In J. R. Carvalheiro & A. S. Tellería (Eds.), Mobile and digital communication: Approaches to public and private. Covilhã, Portugal: Livros LabCom.
Lasén, A., & García, A. (2015). ‘. . . but I haven’t got a body to show’: Self-pornification and male mixed feelings in digitally mediated seduction practices. Sexualities, 18, 714–730. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1363460714561720?journalCode=sexa
Lasén Dictionaries Online. (2015). [Online] Retrieved August 25, 2015, from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/selfie
Lindner, D., Tantleff-Dunn, S., & Jentsch, F. (2012). Social comparison and the ‘circle of objectification’. Sex Roles, 67, 222-235. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-012-0175-x
Mascheroni, G., Vincent, J., & Jimenez, E. (2015). ‘Girls are addicted to likes so they post semi-naked selfies’: Peer mediation, normativity and the construction of identity online. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 9(1), article 5. http://www.cyberpsychology.eu/view.php?cisloclanku=2015051401&article=5
McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J., Wertheim, E. H., & Masters, J. (2015). Photoshopping the selfie: Self photo editing and photo investment are associated with body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(8), 1132–1140. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eat.22449/abstract
Mendelson A., & Papacharissi, Z. (2011). Look at us: Collective narcissism in college student Facebook photo galleries. In Z. Papacharissi (Ed.), A networked self: Identity, community, and culture on social network sites (pp. 251–273). New York, NY: Routledge.
Miguel, C. (2016). Visual intimacy on social media: From selfies to the co-construction of intimacies through shared pictures. Social Media + Society, 2(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305116641705
Morris, M. W., Hong, Y., Chiu, C., & Liu, Z. (2015). Normology: Integrating insights about social norms to understand cultural dynamics. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 129, 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.03.001
Office of National Statistics (2017). Internet access household and individuals 2016. Retrieved April 8 2018 from https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/householdcharacteristics/homeinternetandsocialmediausage/bulletins/internetaccesshouseholdsandindividuals/2016
Office of National Statistics (2018). Internet access household and individuals 2017. Retrieved April 9 2018 from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/householdcharacteristics/homeinternetandsocialmediausage/bulletins/internetaccesshouseholdsandindividuals/2017
Peter, J., Valkenburg, P. M., & Fluckiger, C. (2009). Adolescents and social network sites: Identity, friendship and privacy. In S. Livingstone & L. Haddon (Eds.), Kids online. Opportunities and risks for children (pp. 83-94). Bristol: Policy Press.
Puvia, E., & Vaes, J. (2013). Being a body: Women's appearance related self-views and their dehumanization of sexually objectified female targets. Sex Roles, 68(7/8), 484-495. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-012-0255-y
Qui, L., Lu, J., Yang, S., Qu, W., & Zhu, T. (2015). What does your selfie say about you? Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 443-449. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563215004720
Ridgeway, J. & Clayton, R. B. (2016). Instagram unfiltered: Exploring associations of body image satisfaction, Instagram #selfie posting, and negative romantic relationship outcomes. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(1), 2-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26779659
Ringrose, J., Harvey, L., Gill, R., & Livingstone, S. (2013). Teen girls, sexual double standards and ‘sexting’: Gendered value in digital image exchange. Feminist Theory, 14(3), 305-323. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1464700113499853
Rutledge, P. (2013). Branding with selfies. Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/positively-media/201311/branding-selfies
Schwartz, R. & Halegoua, G.R. (2014). The spatial self: Location-based identity performance on social media. New Media & Society, 17(10),1643-1660. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444814531364
Shah, R., & Tewari, R. (2016). Demystifying ‘selfie’: a rampant social media activity. Behaviour & Information Technology, 35(10), 864-871. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0144929X.2016.1201693?journalCode=tbit20
Shariff, S. (2015). Sexting and cyberbullying: Defining the line for digitally empowered kids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Skeggs, B. (2001). The toilet paper: Femininity, class and mis-recognition. Women's Studies International Forum, 24(3–4), 295-307. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277539501001868
Strelan, P., & Hargreaves, D. (2005). Women who objectify other women: The vicious circle of objectification? Sex Roles, 52(9-10), 707-712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-3737-3
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